🕋 تفسير سورة مريم
(Maryam) • المصدر: EN-AL-JALALAYN
بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ كهيعص
📘 Kāf hā yā ‘ayn sād God knows best what He means by these letters.
قَالَ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ لِي آيَةً ۚ قَالَ آيَتُكَ أَلَّا تُكَلِّمَ النَّاسَ ثَلَاثَ لَيَالٍ سَوِيًّا
📘 He said ‘Lord appoint for me some sign’ namely some indication of my wife’s becoming pregnant. Said He ‘Your sign for this is that you shall not speak to people that is that you should refrain from speaking to them but not from speaking the remembrance of God exalted be He for three nights that is together with the days thereof as stated in sūrat Āl ‘Imrān ‘for three days’ Q. 341 while you are in sound health’ sawiyyan a circumstantial qualifier referring to the subject of the verb tukallima ‘you shall not speak’ in other words despite there being no defect in you.
فَخَرَجَ عَلَىٰ قَوْمِهِ مِنَ الْمِحْرَابِ فَأَوْحَىٰ إِلَيْهِمْ أَنْ سَبِّحُوا بُكْرَةً وَعَشِيًّا
📘 So he emerged before his people from the sanctuary that is from the temple — they had been waiting for him to open it in order to perform their prayers therein after his command as was the custom — and signalled indicated to them ‘Make glorifications perform prayers at morning and evening’ at the beginning of the day and at its end as per usual. He then realised upon his being prevented from speaking to them that she was pregnant with John.
يَا يَحْيَىٰ خُذِ الْكِتَابَ بِقُوَّةٍ ۖ وَآتَيْنَاهُ الْحُكْمَ صَبِيًّا
📘 And two years after his birth God exalted be He said to him ‘O John! Hold on to the Scripture namely the Torah firmly’ earnestly. And We gave him judgement prophethood while still a child a three-year old;
وَحَنَانًا مِنْ لَدُنَّا وَزَكَاةً ۖ وَكَانَ تَقِيًّا
📘 and compassion a mercy for mankind from Us from Our presence and purity a charity for them and he was God-fearing — it is related that he never committed a sin nor contemplated committing one;
وَبَرًّا بِوَالِدَيْهِ وَلَمْ يَكُنْ جَبَّارًا عَصِيًّا
📘 and dutiful to his parents that is virtuous towards them. And he was not arrogant or rebellious disobedient to his Lord.
وَسَلَامٌ عَلَيْهِ يَوْمَ وُلِدَ وَيَوْمَ يَمُوتُ وَيَوْمَ يُبْعَثُ حَيًّا
📘 ‘And peace from Us be upon him the day he was born and the day he dies and the day he shall be raised alive!’ that is on those fearful days in which he sees what he will never have seen before — in these he will be given security from fear.
وَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ مَرْيَمَ إِذِ انْتَبَذَتْ مِنْ أَهْلِهَا مَكَانًا شَرْقِيًّا
📘 And mention in the Book in the Qur’ān Mary that is mention her tale when she withdrew from her family to an easterly place that is when she secluded herself in a place on the east side of her home.
فَاتَّخَذَتْ مِنْ دُونِهِمْ حِجَابًا فَأَرْسَلْنَا إِلَيْهَا رُوحَنَا فَتَمَثَّلَ لَهَا بَشَرًا سَوِيًّا
📘 Thus she veiled herself from them she draped herself in a veil to conceal herself while she washed her hair from lice or washed her clothes or cleansed herself from her menses; whereupon We sent to her Our Spirit Gabriel and he assumed before her after she donned her clothes the likeness of a well-proportioned human perfect in physical form.
قَالَتْ إِنِّي أَعُوذُ بِالرَّحْمَٰنِ مِنْكَ إِنْ كُنْتَ تَقِيًّا
📘 She said ‘Lo! I seek refuge in the Compassionate One from you! If you fear God’ and leave me alone on account of my invocation of refuge in God.
قَالَ إِنَّمَا أَنَا رَسُولُ رَبِّكِ لِأَهَبَ لَكِ غُلَامًا زَكِيًّا
📘 He said ‘I am only a messenger of your Lord that I may give you a boy who shall be pure’ in his prophethood.
ذِكْرُ رَحْمَتِ رَبِّكَ عَبْدَهُ زَكَرِيَّا
📘 This is a mention of your Lord’s mercy to His servant ‘abdahu a direct object of rahma ‘mercy’ Zachariah an explication of it the direct object
قَالَتْ أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِي غُلَامٌ وَلَمْ يَمْسَسْنِي بَشَرٌ وَلَمْ أَكُ بَغِيًّا
📘 She said ‘How shall I have a boy when no human being has ever touched me by way of conjugality neither have I been unchaste?’ neither have I been a fornicator.
قَالَ كَذَٰلِكِ قَالَ رَبُّكِ هُوَ عَلَيَّ هَيِّنٌ ۖ وَلِنَجْعَلَهُ آيَةً لِلنَّاسِ وَرَحْمَةً مِنَّا ۚ وَكَانَ أَمْرًا مَقْضِيًّا
📘 He said ‘It the matter in question of creating a boy from you without a father shall be so! Your Lord has said “It is easy for Me in other words by Gabriel’s breathing into you by My command so that you become pregnant with him — since what has been mentioned is meant as a reason the following statement is added as a supplement thereto and so that We may make him a sign for mankind of Our power and a mercy from Us to whoever believes in him. And it the creation of him is a thing already decreed”’ according to My knowledge. So Gabriel breathed into the opening of her shirt whereupon she sensed the formed foetus in her womb.
۞ فَحَمَلَتْهُ فَانْتَبَذَتْ بِهِ مَكَانًا قَصِيًّا
📘 Thus she conceived him and then withdrew retreated with him to a distant place far from her family.
فَأَجَاءَهَا الْمَخَاضُ إِلَىٰ جِذْعِ النَّخْلَةِ قَالَتْ يَا لَيْتَنِي مِتُّ قَبْلَ هَٰذَا وَكُنْتُ نَسْيًا مَنْسِيًّا
📘 And the birth pangs the pains of childbirth brought her to the trunk of the palm-tree that she may support herself against it and then she gave birth the conception formation of the foetus and delivery all took place within one hour. She said ‘O yā is used to call attention to something would that I had died before this affair and become a forgotten thing beyond recall!’ a thing abandoned which no one knows or mentions.
فَنَادَاهَا مِنْ تَحْتِهَا أَلَّا تَحْزَنِي قَدْ جَعَلَ رَبُّكِ تَحْتَكِ سَرِيًّا
📘 Then he called her from below her namely Gabriel — for he was lower than her ‘Do not grieve. Your Lord has made below you a rivulet a river of water which had dried up.
وَهُزِّي إِلَيْكِ بِجِذْعِ النَّخْلَةِ تُسَاقِطْ عَلَيْكِ رُطَبًا جَنِيًّا
📘 And shake the trunk of the palm-tree towards you a palm-tree which had withered the bi- in bi-jidh‘i’l-nakhlati ‘the trunk of the palm-tree is extra — there will drop tusāqit originally this is tatasāqat but the second tā’ is changed into a sīn and is assimilated with the second sīn; a variant reading omits it the second tā’ altogether on you dates rutaban a specification fresh and ripe janiyyan an adjectival qualification of it of rutaban ‘dates’.
فَكُلِي وَاشْرَبِي وَقَرِّي عَيْنًا ۖ فَإِمَّا تَرَيِنَّ مِنَ الْبَشَرِ أَحَدًا فَقُولِي إِنِّي نَذَرْتُ لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ صَوْمًا فَلَنْ أُكَلِّمَ الْيَوْمَ إِنْسِيًّا
📘 So eat of the dates and drink from the rivulet and let your eye be comforted by the child ‘aynan ‘your eye’ a specification derived from the subject of the verb in other words what is meant is li-taqarra ‘aynuki bihi ‘that your eye may be comforted by him’ that is let it your eye be at peace and not covet any other than him; and if immā the nūn of the conditional particle in is here assimilated with the extra mā you happen to see tarayinna the third consonantal root the yā’ and the second the hamza have been omitted with the fatha vowel therein transferred to the first consonant the letter rā’ and a kasra vowel applied to the yā’ of the feminine person because of two unvowelled consonants coming together any human being and should he ask you about your child then say “I have vowed to the Compassionate One a fast that is to say an abstention from speaking of his affair and from speaking to any other humans — which is indicated by the following statement so I will not speak to any human today”’ that is after saying this.
فَأَتَتْ بِهِ قَوْمَهَا تَحْمِلُهُ ۖ قَالُوا يَا مَرْيَمُ لَقَدْ جِئْتِ شَيْئًا فَرِيًّا
📘 Then carrying him she brought him to her folk tahmiluhu ‘carrying him’ a circumstantial qualifier and they saw him and they said ‘O Mary truly you have done a curious thing! an astounding thing for you have begotten a son without his having a father.
يَا أُخْتَ هَارُونَ مَا كَانَ أَبُوكِ امْرَأَ سَوْءٍ وَمَا كَانَتْ أُمُّكِ بَغِيًّا
📘 O sister of Aaron — he was a righteous man in other words what is meant is O you who are like him in terms of chastity — your father was not a wicked man that is a fornicator nor was your mother unchaste’ that is a fornicatress so how is it that you have this child?
فَأَشَارَتْ إِلَيْهِ ۖ قَالُوا كَيْفَ نُكَلِّمُ مَنْ كَانَ فِي الْمَهْدِ صَبِيًّا
📘 Thereat she pointed them to him intimating to them that they ‘talk to him’. They said ‘How can we talk to one who is who happens to be in the cradle still a little child?’
إِذْ نَادَىٰ رَبَّهُ نِدَاءً خَفِيًّا
📘 when idh is semantically connected to rahma ‘mercy’ he called out to his Lord a call entailing a supplication in secret in the middle of the night because this time of the night invites a faster response to one’s supplication.
قَالَ إِنِّي عَبْدُ اللَّهِ آتَانِيَ الْكِتَابَ وَجَعَلَنِي نَبِيًّا
📘 He said ‘Lo! I am God’s servant. He has given me the Scripture namely the Gospel and made me a prophet.
وَجَعَلَنِي مُبَارَكًا أَيْنَ مَا كُنْتُ وَأَوْصَانِي بِالصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ مَا دُمْتُ حَيًّا
📘 And He has made me blessed wherever I may be that is He has made me of great benefit to mankind — this is a foretelling of what had been preordained for him — and He has enjoined upon me prayer and alms-giving He has commanded me to do both of these as long as I remain alive;
وَبَرًّا بِوَالِدَتِي وَلَمْ يَجْعَلْنِي جَبَّارًا شَقِيًّا
📘 and He has made me dutiful towards my mother barran in the accusative because of the implicit verb ja‘alanī ‘He has made me’. And He has not made me arrogant haughty wretched disobedient to his Lord.
وَالسَّلَامُ عَلَيَّ يَوْمَ وُلِدْتُ وَيَوْمَ أَمُوتُ وَيَوْمَ أُبْعَثُ حَيًّا
📘 And peace from God be upon me the day I was born and the day I die and the day I shall be raised alive!’ — the same is being said about him as was said above regarding the lord John. God exalted be He says
ذَٰلِكَ عِيسَى ابْنُ مَرْيَمَ ۚ قَوْلَ الْحَقِّ الَّذِي فِيهِ يَمْتَرُونَ
📘 That is Jesus son of Mary a statement of truth read qawlu’l-haqqi as the predicate of an implied subject in other words ‘the statement of the son of Mary is a statement of truth’; or read qawla’l-haqqi because of it being the object of an implied verb qultu ‘I say’ meaning ‘I say a statement of truth’ concerning which they are in doubt yamtarūna derives from the infinitive al-mirya — they are the Christians who say ‘Indeed Jesus is the son of God’; but they lie.
مَا كَانَ لِلَّهِ أَنْ يَتَّخِذَ مِنْ وَلَدٍ ۖ سُبْحَانَهُ ۚ إِذَا قَضَىٰ أَمْرًا فَإِنَّمَا يَقُولُ لَهُ كُنْ فَيَكُونُ
📘 It is not befitting for God to take to Himself a son. Glory be to Him — in affirmation of His being transcendent above doing such a thing. When He decrees a thing that is when He will for it to happen He only says to it ‘Be!’ and it is read fa-yakūnu because of an implied pronoun huwa sc. fa-huwa yakūnu; or read fa-yakūna because of an implied an sc. an yakūna. An example of this is His creating Jesus without his having had a father.
وَإِنَّ اللَّهَ رَبِّي وَرَبُّكُمْ فَاعْبُدُوهُ ۚ هَٰذَا صِرَاطٌ مُسْتَقِيمٌ
📘 And indeed God is my Lord and your Lord. So worship Him read the introductory particle as anna with an implicit preceding udhkur ‘mention’; or read it as inna with an implicit preceding qul ‘say’ a reading indicated by the fact that God says elsewhere ‘I only said to them that which You commanded me “Worship God my Lord and your Lord” ’ Q. 5117. This that has been mentioned is a straight path a route leading to Paradise.
فَاخْتَلَفَ الْأَحْزَابُ مِنْ بَيْنِهِمْ ۖ فَوَيْلٌ لِلَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا مِنْ مَشْهَدِ يَوْمٍ عَظِيمٍ
📘 But the factions differed among themselves that is to say the Christians they differed regarding Jesus was he the son of God? A god alongside Him? Or was he the third of three gods? So woe — meaning severe punishment will be meted out — to those who disbelieve those who disbelieve in the way mentioned and in other ways at the scene of an awful Day that is to say woe to them when they are present at the Day of Resurrection and witnessing its terrors.
أَسْمِعْ بِهِمْ وَأَبْصِرْ يَوْمَ يَأْتُونَنَا ۖ لَٰكِنِ الظَّالِمُونَ الْيَوْمَ فِي ضَلَالٍ مُبِينٍ
📘 How hearing they are and seeing they are these two constructions are used to express ‘amazement’ meaning ‘how well they will hear and how well they will see’ on the Day when they come to Us in the Hereafter. Yet the evildoers an example of a proper noun ‘evildoers’ replacing a third person pronominalisation today that is in this world are in manifest error that is error that is evident therein having been deaf unable to listen to the truth and blind unable to see it. In other words the meaning is O you the one being addressed marvel at how well they will be able to hear and see in the Hereafter after they had been deaf and blind in this world.
وَأَنْذِرْهُمْ يَوْمَ الْحَسْرَةِ إِذْ قُضِيَ الْأَمْرُ وَهُمْ فِي غَفْلَةٍ وَهُمْ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ
📘 And warn them threaten O Muhammad (s) the disbelievers of Mecca of the Day of Regret namely the Day of Resurrection on which the sinner will regret not having been virtuous in the life of this world when the matter will be decided for them thereupon that they be chastised while they in this world are yet heedless of it and do not believe in it the Day of Resurrection.
قَالَ رَبِّ إِنِّي وَهَنَ الْعَظْمُ مِنِّي وَاشْتَعَلَ الرَّأْسُ شَيْبًا وَلَمْ أَكُنْ بِدُعَائِكَ رَبِّ شَقِيًّا
📘 He said ‘My Lord truly the bones all the bones within me have become feeble weak and my head is alight with grey hair shayban a specification derived from the subject of the verb in other words hoariness has spread throughout his hairs just as a spark of fire spreads through firewood and I wish to supplicate to you and I have never been in my supplications to You my Lord unsuccessful that is I have never been disappointed in the past so do not disappoint me in what follows.
إِنَّا نَحْنُ نَرِثُ الْأَرْضَ وَمَنْ عَلَيْهَا وَإِلَيْنَا يُرْجَعُونَ
📘 Indeed We innā nahnu a repetition of the first person for emphasis shall inherit the earth and all who are on it of rational beings and others by destroying them and to Us they shall be returned thereon on the Day of Resurrection for requital.
وَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ ۚ إِنَّهُ كَانَ صِدِّيقًا نَبِيًّا
📘 And mention to them in the Book Abraham that is mention his tale. Indeed he was a truthful one the intensive form siddīq means ‘extremely truthful’ a prophet the following statement substitutes for the preceding predicate.
إِذْ قَالَ لِأَبِيهِ يَا أَبَتِ لِمَ تَعْبُدُ مَا لَا يَسْمَعُ وَلَا يُبْصِرُ وَلَا يُغْنِي عَنْكَ شَيْئًا
📘 When he said to his father Āzar ‘O my father! the final tā’ here of abati has replaced the possessive yā’ of genitive annexation sc. of yā abī; the two however are never used together — he Abraham’s father used to worship idols. Why do you worship that which neither hears nor sees and is of no avail to you suffices you not in any way? whether in terms of benefit or harm.
يَا أَبَتِ إِنِّي قَدْ جَاءَنِي مِنَ الْعِلْمِ مَا لَمْ يَأْتِكَ فَاتَّبِعْنِي أَهْدِكَ صِرَاطًا سَوِيًّا
📘 O my father! Indeed there has come to me of knowledge that which has not come to you. So follow me that I may guide you to a path a route that is right that is straight.
يَا أَبَتِ لَا تَعْبُدِ الشَّيْطَانَ ۖ إِنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ كَانَ لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ عَصِيًّا
📘 O my father! Do not worship Satan by obeying him through your worship of idols. Truly Satan is disobedient the intensive form‘asiyyan means ‘one given to disobedience’ to the Compassionate One.
يَا أَبَتِ إِنِّي أَخَافُ أَنْ يَمَسَّكَ عَذَابٌ مِنَ الرَّحْمَٰنِ فَتَكُونَ لِلشَّيْطَانِ وَلِيًّا
📘 O my father! I do fear lest a chastisement from the Compassionate One should befall you if you do not repent and then you become an ally of Satan an assistant and a comrade of his in the Fire.
قَالَ أَرَاغِبٌ أَنْتَ عَنْ آلِهَتِي يَا إِبْرَاهِيمُ ۖ لَئِنْ لَمْ تَنْتَهِ لَأَرْجُمَنَّكَ ۖ وَاهْجُرْنِي مَلِيًّا
📘 He said ‘Are you renouncing my gods O Abraham? so that you are denouncing them in this way? If you do not desist from criticising them I shall surely assail you with stones or with evil words so beware of me; and stay away from me for a long time’.
قَالَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ ۖ سَأَسْتَغْفِرُ لَكَ رَبِّي ۖ إِنَّهُ كَانَ بِي حَفِيًّا
📘 He said ‘Peace be to you from me — in other words I shall not cause you any harm. I shall ask forgiveness of my Lord for you. Truly He is ever gracious to me hafiyyan from hafiyyun meaning bārrun ‘kind’ answering my prayers. And indeed he Abraham fulfilled his above-mentioned promise as described in sūrat al-Shu‘arā’ And forgive my father Q. 2686; but this was before it became clear to him that he Abraham’s father was an enemy of God as mentioned in sūrat Barā’a Q. 9114.
وَأَعْتَزِلُكُمْ وَمَا تَدْعُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَأَدْعُو رَبِّي عَسَىٰ أَلَّا أَكُونَ بِدُعَاءِ رَبِّي شَقِيًّا
📘 And I shall shun you and that which you call upon that which you worship besides God. I will supplicate I will worship my Lord — hopefully in calling upon in worshipping my Lord I shall not be wretched’ as you have become wretched by your worship of idols.
فَلَمَّا اعْتَزَلَهُمْ وَمَا يَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ وَهَبْنَا لَهُ إِسْحَاقَ وَيَعْقُوبَ ۖ وَكُلًّا جَعَلْنَا نَبِيًّا
📘 And so after he had shunned them and that which they worshipped besides God by having set off to the Holy Land We gave him two sons for him to find solace in Isaac and Jacob and each of the two We made a prophet.
وَإِنِّي خِفْتُ الْمَوَالِيَ مِنْ وَرَائِي وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا فَهَبْ لِي مِنْ لَدُنْكَ وَلِيًّا
📘 And truly I fear my kinsfolk namely those who will succeed me as closest after me in kinship such as my paternal cousins after me that is after my death I fear for the religion lest they forsake it as You have witnessed in the case of the Children of Israel in the way that they changed their religion and my wife is barren she does not conceive. So grant me from Yourself a successor a son
وَوَهَبْنَا لَهُمْ مِنْ رَحْمَتِنَا وَجَعَلْنَا لَهُمْ لِسَانَ صِدْقٍ عَلِيًّا
📘 And We gave them all three of them out of Our mercy wealth and offspring and We assigned for them a worthy repute one that is lofty sublime namely We assigned fair praise of them among all the members of the Abrahamic religions.
وَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ مُوسَىٰ ۚ إِنَّهُ كَانَ مُخْلَصًا وَكَانَ رَسُولًا نَبِيًّا
📘 And mention in the Book Moses. Indeed he was devoted to God read either as mukhlisan to mean ‘one sincerely devoted to worship of God’; or read mukhlasan to mean ‘he was delivered’ as in God had delivered him from defilement and he was a messenger a prophet.
وَنَادَيْنَاهُ مِنْ جَانِبِ الطُّورِ الْأَيْمَنِ وَقَرَّبْنَاهُ نَجِيًّا
📘 And We called him — with the words ‘O Moses! Verily I am God’ Q. 279 — from the right side of the Mount al-Tūr is actually the name of a mountain that is from the side to the right of Moses as he was approaching the Mount from Midian; and We brought him near in communion as God exalted be He made him hear His speech.
وَوَهَبْنَا لَهُ مِنْ رَحْمَتِنَا أَخَاهُ هَارُونَ نَبِيًّا
📘 And We gave him out of Our mercy Our grace his brother Aaron Hārūn either a substitution for akhāhu ‘his brother’ or an explicative supplement thereof likewise a prophet nabiyyan a circumstantial qualifier constituting the import of the ‘gift’ to Moses which was in response to his Moses’s request that He God send forth his brother with him; he Aaron was older in years than him.
وَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ إِسْمَاعِيلَ ۚ إِنَّهُ كَانَ صَادِقَ الْوَعْدِ وَكَانَ رَسُولًا نَبِيًّا
📘 And mention in the Book Ishmael. Indeed he was true to his promise — he never promised anything which he did not fulfil; he once waited for three days for someone whom he had promised to meet; or it is said that he waited an entire year until that person finally returned to the place in which he Ishamel was supposed to have met the former; and he was a messenger to the tribe of Jurhum a prophet likewise.
وَكَانَ يَأْمُرُ أَهْلَهُ بِالصَّلَاةِ وَالزَّكَاةِ وَكَانَ عِنْدَ رَبِّهِ مَرْضِيًّا
📘 He used to enjoin upon his kinsfolk that is his people prayer and the payment of alms and he was pleasing to his Lord mardiyyan ‘pleasing’ is actually marduwwun but both wāw letters have been changed to two yā’ letters while the kasra vowel has also been changed to a damma vowel.
وَاذْكُرْ فِي الْكِتَابِ إِدْرِيسَ ۚ إِنَّهُ كَانَ صِدِّيقًا نَبِيًّا
📘 And mention in the Book Idrīs who was Noah’s great-grandfather. Indeed he was a truthful one a prophet.
وَرَفَعْنَاهُ مَكَانًا عَلِيًّا
📘 And We raised him to a high station — he is alive in the fourth or sixth or seventh heaven or he is in Paradise into which he was admitted after he was made to experience death and brought back to life and he has not exited therefrom.
أُولَٰئِكَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنَ النَّبِيِّينَ مِنْ ذُرِّيَّةِ آدَمَ وَمِمَّنْ حَمَلْنَا مَعَ نُوحٍ وَمِنْ ذُرِّيَّةِ إِبْرَاهِيمَ وَإِسْرَائِيلَ وَمِمَّنْ هَدَيْنَا وَاجْتَبَيْنَا ۚ إِذَا تُتْلَىٰ عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتُ الرَّحْمَٰنِ خَرُّوا سُجَّدًا وَبُكِيًّا ۩
📘 Those ūlā’ika is the subject to whom God has been gracious alladhīna an‘ama’Llāhu ‘alayhim is an adjectival qualification of it of the subject from among the prophets mina’l-nabīyyīna an explication of it of the subject functioning like an adjectival qualification in terms of import. That which follows it mina’l-nabīyyīna ‘from among the prophets’ up to where the conditional sentence begins constitutes an adjectival qualification of al-nabīyyīna ‘the prophets’; and so His saying … of the seed of Adam namely Idrīs and of those whom We carried with Noah in the Ark namely Abraham — who is the son of his Noah’s son Shem Sām — and of the seed of Abraham namely Ishmael Isaac and Jacob and of the seed of Israel — who is Jacob — namely Moses Aaron Zachariah John and Jesus and from among those whom We guided and chose that is to say from among their number the predicate of ūlā’ika ‘those’ is the following idhā tutlā … when the signs of the Compassionate One were recited to them they would fall down prostrating and weeping these sujjadan and bukīyyan constitute the plural forms of sājid ‘prostrate’ and bākin ‘weeping’ respectively in other words what is meant is be you like them bukiyyun is originally formed from bakūyyin but the wāw is changed into a yā’ and the damma vowel into a kasra.
۞ فَخَلَفَ مِنْ بَعْدِهِمْ خَلْفٌ أَضَاعُوا الصَّلَاةَ وَاتَّبَعُوا الشَّهَوَاتِ ۖ فَسَوْفَ يَلْقَوْنَ غَيًّا
📘 But there succeeded after them a posterity who neglected the prayer by abandoning performance of it a posterity such as the Jews and the Christians and followed their lusts in the way of acts of disobedience. So they shall soon encounter Ghayy — a valley in Hell — that is they shall fall into it;
يَرِثُنِي وَيَرِثُ مِنْ آلِ يَعْقُوبَ ۖ وَاجْعَلْهُ رَبِّ رَضِيًّا
📘 who may inherit from me read yarithnī in apocopated form as a response to the imperative statement fa-hab lī ‘grant me’ or read yarithunī as an adjectival qualification of waliyyan ‘a successor’ and inherit also read in both ways mentioned from the House of Jacob my forefather inherit knowledge and prophethood and make him my Lord acceptable’ that is pleasing to you.
إِلَّا مَنْ تَابَ وَآمَنَ وَعَمِلَ صَالِحًا فَأُولَٰئِكَ يَدْخُلُونَ الْجَنَّةَ وَلَا يُظْلَمُونَ شَيْئًا
📘 whereas those who repent and believe and act righteously — such shall enter Paradise and shall not be wronged they shall not be diminished in any way in their reward;
جَنَّاتِ عَدْنٍ الَّتِي وَعَدَ الرَّحْمَٰنُ عِبَادَهُ بِالْغَيْبِ ۚ إِنَّهُ كَانَ وَعْدُهُ مَأْتِيًّا
📘 they shall enter Gardens of Eden as a place of residence jannāti ‘Adnin substitutes for al-janna ‘Paradise’ which the Compassionate One has promised to His servants a promise in the Unseen bi’l-ghaybi a circumstantial qualifier in other words a promise made while they do not see it. Indeed His promise that is to say that which He promises is ever fulfilled meaning that it always arrives the original form of ma’tiyyan is ma’tūyun; or what is meant by His promise here is Paradise to which those deserving of it shall arrive.
لَا يَسْمَعُونَ فِيهَا لَغْوًا إِلَّا سَلَامًا ۖ وَلَهُمْ رِزْقُهُمْ فِيهَا بُكْرَةً وَعَشِيًّا
📘 Therein they shall not hear anything that is trifling of talk but they shall hear only a greeting of ‘Peace!’ from the angels to them or from some among them to others. And therein they will have their provision morning and evening in other words according to the equivalent measure of these two in the life of this world since there is no day or night in Paradise only everlasting light and illumination.
تِلْكَ الْجَنَّةُ الَّتِي نُورِثُ مِنْ عِبَادِنَا مَنْ كَانَ تَقِيًّا
📘 That is the Paradise which We shall give as inheritance which We shall grant and in which We shall lodge those of Our servants who are God-fearing through their obedience of Him.
وَمَا نَتَنَزَّلُ إِلَّا بِأَمْرِ رَبِّكَ ۖ لَهُ مَا بَيْنَ أَيْدِينَا وَمَا خَلْفَنَا وَمَا بَيْنَ ذَٰلِكَ ۚ وَمَا كَانَ رَبُّكَ نَسِيًّا
📘 When the Revelation did not come for a number of days the Prophet s said to Gabriel ‘What prevents you from visiting us more often than you do?’ and so the following was revealed And We do not descend except by the commandment of your Lord. To Him belongs all that is before us namely ahead of us of the affairs of the Hereafter and all that is behind us of the affairs of this world and all that is between those two namely all that takes place from this point in time until the coming of the Hour in other words to Him belongs knowledge of all of those things. And your Lord is never forgetful meaning that He is never neglectful of you even when the Revelation is postponed from being sent to you.
رَبُّ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَمَا بَيْنَهُمَا فَاعْبُدْهُ وَاصْطَبِرْ لِعِبَادَتِهِ ۚ هَلْ تَعْلَمُ لَهُ سَمِيًّا
📘 He is the Lord the Owner of the heavens and the earth and all that is between them. So worship Him and be steadfast in His worship in other words continue to perform it patiently. Do you know of anyone who could be His namesake? anyone named with that same title? No!
وَيَقُولُ الْإِنْسَانُ أَإِذَا مَا مِتُّ لَسَوْفَ أُخْرَجُ حَيًّا
📘 And man the denier of the Resurrection — namely Ubayy b. Khalaf or al-Walīd b. al-Mughīra concerning whom the verse was revealed — says ‘When read a-idha either pronouncing the second hamza or not but inserting an alif between the two hamzas in both readings I am dead shall I then be brought forth alive?’ from the grave as Muhammad (s) says? the interrogative here statement is meant as a denial in other words he means to say I shall not be brought forth alive after death; mā of mā mittu ‘I am dead’ is extra for emphasis likewise extra is the lām of la-sawfa ‘shall I then’. He God then responds to him with the following saying of His exalted be He
أَوَلَا يَذْكُرُ الْإِنْسَانُ أَنَّا خَلَقْنَاهُ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَلَمْ يَكُ شَيْئًا
📘 Does not man then remember yadhdhakaru is actually yatadhakkaru but the tā’ has been changed to a dhāl and assimilated with the other dhāl; a variant reading leaves it as yadhkuru that We created him before when he was nothing? and thus infer from the first act of creation the possibility of resurrection.
فَوَرَبِّكَ لَنَحْشُرَنَّهُمْ وَالشَّيَاطِينَ ثُمَّ لَنُحْضِرَنَّهُمْ حَوْلَ جَهَنَّمَ جِثِيًّا
📘 For by your Lord We will surely gather them namely the deniers of the Resurrection and the devils that is to say We shall gather every one of them with his devil bound together in a chain; then We shall bring them around Hell around the outside of it crouching on their knees jithiyyan is the plural of jāthin and is originally formed as jathawuwwin or jathawiyyun deriving from the verb jathā imperfect tense yajthu or yajthī two variant forms.
ثُمَّ لَنَنْزِعَنَّ مِنْ كُلِّ شِيعَةٍ أَيُّهُمْ أَشَدُّ عَلَى الرَّحْمَٰنِ عِتِيًّا
📘 Then We shall pluck out from every party every sect whichever of them was most hardened in disdain in insolence of the Compassionate One.
يَا زَكَرِيَّا إِنَّا نُبَشِّرُكَ بِغُلَامٍ اسْمُهُ يَحْيَىٰ لَمْ نَجْعَلْ لَهُ مِنْ قَبْلُ سَمِيًّا
📘 God exalted be He in responding to his request for a son that will be the incarnation of His mercy says ‘O Zachariah! Indeed We give you good tidings of a boy who will inherit in the way that you have requested — whose name is John. Never before have We made anyone his namesake’ that is never has there been anyone with the name ‘John’.
ثُمَّ لَنَحْنُ أَعْلَمُ بِالَّذِينَ هُمْ أَوْلَىٰ بِهَا صِلِيًّا
📘 Then indeed We shall know best those most deserving of it most worthy of being in Hell the most hardened of them and others like them for the burning for the admission into it and the scorching therein and We shall start with them siliyyan is originally formed as salawiyyun from the verb saliya or salaya.
وَإِنْ مِنْكُمْ إِلَّا وَارِدُهَا ۚ كَانَ عَلَىٰ رَبِّكَ حَتْمًا مَقْضِيًّا
📘 There is not one of you but shall come to it that is but shall enter Hell. That is an inevitability already decreed by your Lord something which He made inevitable and which He decreed; He will not waive it.
ثُمَّ نُنَجِّي الَّذِينَ اتَّقَوْا وَنَذَرُ الظَّالِمِينَ فِيهَا جِثِيًّا
📘 Then We will deliver read nunajjī or nunjī those who were wary of committing idolatry or disbelief We will deliver them from it and leave those who did wrong by way of idolatry and disbelief crouching therein on their knees.
وَإِذَا تُتْلَىٰ عَلَيْهِمْ آيَاتُنَا بَيِّنَاتٍ قَالَ الَّذِينَ كَفَرُوا لِلَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَيُّ الْفَرِيقَيْنِ خَيْرٌ مَقَامًا وَأَحْسَنُ نَدِيًّا
📘 And when Our manifest evident bayyinātin ‘manifest’ is a circumstantial qualifier signs in the Qur’ān are recited to them namely to the believers and the disbelievers those who disbelieve say to those who believe ‘Which of the two parties — us or you — is better in station in lodging and abode read as maqāman it is derived from the first form qāma ‘he stood’; read as muqāman it is derived from the fourth form aqāma ‘he took up residence’ and more excellent in assembly?’ nadiyyan meaning the place in which a folk assemble and converse. They the disbelievers mean ‘we are the better of the two parties’ and so we will fare better than you. God exalted be He says
وَكَمْ أَهْلَكْنَا قَبْلَهُمْ مِنْ قَرْنٍ هُمْ أَحْسَنُ أَثَاثًا وَرِئْيًا
📘 And how many — in other words many — a generation that is a community from among the communities of the past have We destroyed before them who were superior in their possession of gear in wealth and chattel and in appearance superior as a sight ri’yan derives from the infinitive al-ru’ya. Thus in the same way that We destroyed those ones because of their disbelief We will destroy these ones also.
قُلْ مَنْ كَانَ فِي الضَّلَالَةِ فَلْيَمْدُدْ لَهُ الرَّحْمَٰنُ مَدًّا ۚ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا رَأَوْا مَا يُوعَدُونَ إِمَّا الْعَذَابَ وَإِمَّا السَّاعَةَ فَسَيَعْلَمُونَ مَنْ هُوَ شَرٌّ مَكَانًا وَأَضْعَفُ جُنْدًا
📘 Say ‘As for him who is in error man kāna fī’l-dalālati a conditional clause the response to which is fa’l-yamdud ‘He shall prolong’ and what follows it the Compassionate One shall defer fa’l-yamdud functions in the sense of a predicate him from chastisement by granting him some respite in this world drawing him on to his eventual chastisement gradually until when they catch sight of that which they were promised whether it be chastisement in this world by being killed or taken captive or the Hour the Resurrection that comprises Hell they will enter it. Then they will surely know who is worse in respect of position and weaker in respect of the number of hosts’ in respect of the number of supporters themselves or the believers? Their hosts will be the devils while the hosts of the believers against them will be the angels.
وَيَزِيدُ اللَّهُ الَّذِينَ اهْتَدَوْا هُدًى ۗ وَالْبَاقِيَاتُ الصَّالِحَاتُ خَيْرٌ عِنْدَ رَبِّكَ ثَوَابًا وَخَيْرٌ مَرَدًّا
📘 And God increases in guidance those who found right guidance through faith increasing them by way of the signs He reveals to them; and the enduring things the righteous deeds — namely obedience the reward of which endures for that person — are better in your Lord’s sight in terms of reward and better in terms of the return that is as something which will be repaid and returned to him the believer in contrast to the deeds of the disbelievers. The use of the qualification khayr ‘better’ here is meant to counter the use of the same in their statement ‘Which of the two parties is better in station?’ above Q. 1973.
أَفَرَأَيْتَ الَّذِي كَفَرَ بِآيَاتِنَا وَقَالَ لَأُوتَيَنَّ مَالًا وَوَلَدًا
📘 Have you seen him who disbelieves in Our signs namely al-‘Ās b. Wā’il and says to Khabbāb b. al-Aratt — who had said to him ‘You will be resurrected after death!’ and who had requested from him repayment of money — ‘I shall assuredly be given on the supposition that there is such a thing as resurrection wealth and children?’ and so I will repay you then. God exalted be He says
أَطَّلَعَ الْغَيْبَ أَمِ اتَّخَذَ عِنْدَ الرَّحْمَٰنِ عَهْدًا
📘 Has he come to learn something of the Unseen that is has he been given some knowledge of it and of the fact that he will be given what he has mentioned here the interrogative hamza of a-ittala‘a ‘has he come to learn?’ suffices in place of the conjunctive hamza which has therefore been omitted or has he made a covenant with the Compassionate One? to the effect that he be given what he claims?
كَلَّا ۚ سَنَكْتُبُ مَا يَقُولُ وَنَمُدُّ لَهُ مِنَ الْعَذَابِ مَدًّا
📘 Nay he shall not be given any of that but We will assuredly write down We shall command that it be written down that which he says and prolong for him the chastisement endlessly We shall give him because of that claim an extra chastisement in addition to the chastisement for his disbelief;
قَالَ رَبِّ أَنَّىٰ يَكُونُ لِي غُلَامٌ وَكَانَتِ امْرَأَتِي عَاقِرًا وَقَدْ بَلَغْتُ مِنَ الْكِبَرِ عِتِيًّا
📘 He said ‘My Lord how shall I have a son when my wife is barren and I have reached infirm old age?’ ‘itiyyan derives from the verb ‘atā ‘it became withered’ in other words he had reached extreme old age 120 years; and his wife had reached the age of 98 ‘atiya in terms of its root derives from ‘utuwwun but the tā’ is vowelled as -ti- to soften it the first wāw vowel is changed into a yā’ to be in harmony with the –ti- vowelling while the second wāw letter is changed into a yā’ so that the previous yā’ can be assimilated with it.
وَنَرِثُهُ مَا يَقُولُ وَيَأْتِينَا فَرْدًا
📘 and We shall take over from him that which he talks about of wealth and children and he shall come to Us on the Day of Resurrection alone with neither wealth nor children.
وَاتَّخَذُوا مِنْ دُونِ اللَّهِ آلِهَةً لِيَكُونُوا لَهُمْ عِزًّا
📘 And they namely the disbelievers of Mecca have taken besides God graven images as other gods for them to worship that they may be for them a source of might that they may be intercessors before God so that they will not be chastised.
كَلَّا ۚ سَيَكْفُرُونَ بِعِبَادَتِهِمْ وَيَكُونُونَ عَلَيْهِمْ ضِدًّا
📘 Nay that is to say there is none to prevent their being chastised but they namely the idol gods shall reject their worship that is they will deny it — as is stated in another verse It was not us that they used to worship Q. 2863 — and they shall be pitted against them as opponents enemies supporting one another against them.
أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّا أَرْسَلْنَا الشَّيَاطِينَ عَلَى الْكَافِرِينَ تَؤُزُّهُمْ أَزًّا
📘 Have you not regarded that We unleash the devils against We have set them upon the disbelievers to urge them to incite them to commit acts of disobedience impetuously?
فَلَا تَعْجَلْ عَلَيْهِمْ ۖ إِنَّمَا نَعُدُّ لَهُمْ عَدًّا
📘 So do not make haste against them to demand that they receive chastisement. Indeed We are only counting for them the days and the nights or their every breath carefully until the time arrives for their chastisement.
يَوْمَ نَحْشُرُ الْمُتَّقِينَ إِلَى الرَّحْمَٰنِ وَفْدًا
📘 Mention the day on which We shall gather those who fear God by their adherence to faith to the Compassionate One honoured on mounts wafdan the accusative plural of wāfid meaning ‘mounted’;
وَنَسُوقُ الْمُجْرِمِينَ إِلَىٰ جَهَنَّمَ وِرْدًا
📘 and drive the guilty guilty on account of their disbelief into Hell a thirsty herd wirdan the accusative plural of wārid meaning ‘one who is thirsty and on foot.
لَا يَمْلِكُونَ الشَّفَاعَةَ إِلَّا مَنِ اتَّخَذَ عِنْدَ الرَّحْمَٰنِ عَهْدًا
📘 They namely mankind will not have the power to intercede save him who has made a covenant with the Compassionate One the covenant being the profession of lā ilāha illā’Llāh wa-lā hawla wa-lā quwwata illā bi’Llāh ‘there is no god but God and there is no power or strength except in God’.
وَقَالُوا اتَّخَذَ الرَّحْمَٰنُ وَلَدًا
📘 And they say that is the Jews and the Christians and those who claim that the angels are God’s daughters ‘The Compassionate One has taken a son’. But God exalted be He says to them
لَقَدْ جِئْتُمْ شَيْئًا إِدًّا
📘 Truly you have uttered something hideous that is a great abomination.
قَالَ كَذَٰلِكَ قَالَ رَبُّكَ هُوَ عَلَيَّ هَيِّنٌ وَقَدْ خَلَقْتُكَ مِنْ قَبْلُ وَلَمْ تَكُ شَيْئًا
📘 He said ‘It the matter in question of creating a boy from both of you shall be so! Your Lord says “It is easy for Me namely to restore your sexual potency and tear open your wife’s womb in preparation for conception for I certainly created you before when you were nothing”’ you were nothing before your created form became manifest. As God wished to manifest this great power He inspired him the form of the question in order for him to receive the response that will indicate it this power. And when his soul yearned for the prompt arrival of that whereof he had been given good tidings
تَكَادُ السَّمَاوَاتُ يَتَفَطَّرْنَ مِنْهُ وَتَنْشَقُّ الْأَرْضُ وَتَخِرُّ الْجِبَالُ هَدًّا
📘 The heavens are almost read takādu or yakādu rent read takādu tatafattarna by being torn apart a variant reading has yanfatirna because of it and the earth is almost split asunder and the mountains almost fall down crashing collapsing on top of them because of the fact
أَنْ دَعَوْا لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ وَلَدًا
📘 that they have ascribed a son to the Compassionate One. God exalted be He says
وَمَا يَنْبَغِي لِلرَّحْمَٰنِ أَنْ يَتَّخِذَ وَلَدًا
📘 when it is not meet for the Majesty of the Compassionate One to take a son that is to say such a thing does not befit Him.
إِنْ كُلُّ مَنْ فِي السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ إِلَّا آتِي الرَّحْمَٰنِ عَبْدًا
📘 There is none in the heavens and the earth but he comes to the Compassionate One as a servant servile submissive on the Day of Resurrection including individuals such as Ezra and Jesus.
لَقَدْ أَحْصَاهُمْ وَعَدَّهُمْ عَدًّا
📘 Verily He knows their number and has counted them precisely and therefore the knowledge of their total number does not elude Him not even the knowledge of one of them.
وَكُلُّهُمْ آتِيهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فَرْدًا
📘 And each one of them will come to Him on the Day of Resurrection each one alone without wealth or any helper to protect him.
إِنَّ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا وَعَمِلُوا الصَّالِحَاتِ سَيَجْعَلُ لَهُمُ الرَّحْمَٰنُ وُدًّا
📘 Truly those who believe and perform righteous deeds — for them the Compassionate One shall appoint love between them so that they have mutual love and affection and God exalted be He will love them.
فَإِنَّمَا يَسَّرْنَاهُ بِلِسَانِكَ لِتُبَشِّرَ بِهِ الْمُتَّقِينَ وَتُنْذِرَ بِهِ قَوْمًا لُدًّا
📘 Indeed We have made it easy namely the Qur’ān in your tongue only that you may bear good tidings therewith to the God-fearing those who will be prosperous because of their faith and warn threaten therewith a folk who are contumacious luddan the accusative plural of aladd in other words extremely disputatious using false arguments — and they are the disbelievers of Mecca.
وَكَمْ أَهْلَكْنَا قَبْلَهُمْ مِنْ قَرْنٍ هَلْ تُحِسُّ مِنْهُمْ مِنْ أَحَدٍ أَوْ تَسْمَعُ لَهُمْ رِكْزًا
📘 And how many — in other words many — a generation namely how many a community from among the communities of the past We have destroyed before them for their denial of Our messengers. Can you see can you find so much as one of them or hear from them so much as the faintest sound? No indeed! So just as We destroyed those folk We shall destroy these Meccans.
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